Transportation options available to residents and visitors worldwide vary from highly developed metro and rail networks in wealthy cities to informal minibuses and shared taxis in developing regions, with affordability often inversely related to a country's overall income level. In major European, Asian, and a few Latin American cities, integrated public transit systems combining subways, trams, buses, and commuter trains offer reliable, frequent service at low cost, with monthly passes typically ranging from €30 to €100 depending on the city, and individual rides often costing just €1 to €3, making public transport the most economical choice for daily commuting and sightseeing. In contrast, cities in North America, Australia, and parts of the Middle East are more car-dependent, with limited public transit coverage and higher per-ride costs, so residents and long-term visitors often need to own, rent, or lease vehicles, which adds expenses for fuel, insurance, registration, parking, and maintenance that can easily exceed $500 per month. Ride-hailing services like Uber, Bolt, and regional equivalents are widely available in urban areas globally and are generally affordable in countries with lower labor costs—a 10-kilometer ride might cost $2–5 in cities like Bangkok, Jakarta, or Mexico City but $15–30 in London, Sydney, or San Francisco. Taxis remain common everywhere, though metered fares vary greatly: some countries regulate taxis tightly with reasonable rates, while others allow wide price variation, and travelers are often advised to agree on fares in advance or use apps to avoid overcharging. Bicycles and electric scooters have become popular and cost-effective options in many cities, with bike-share schemes, rental scooters, and dedicated cycling infrastructure making short trips easy and cheap, though safety, weather, and terrain determine how practical cycling is in any given location. For intercity travel, buses and trains are usually the budget choice, often costing a fraction of flights, though journey times are longer, and in countries with good rail networks like Japan, Germany, or France, high-speed trains offer speed and comfort at moderate prices, while low-cost airlines dominate in regions like Southeast Asia and Europe, sometimes undercutting trains and buses on popular routes. Overall, residents and long-term visitors can significantly reduce transport costs by relying on public transit where available, walking or cycling for short distances, and researching discount passes or off-peak tickets, while short-term travelers often find ride-hailing apps and metro day passes the most convenient balance between cost and ease of use.