Sorting rules range from relaxed single-bin systems to famously intricate ones, so the honest answer is that you must learn your specific municipality's scheme, not just the country's. That said, the common pattern is a split between general waste, paper and cardboard, plastics and packaging, glass, and increasingly a separate stream for food or organic waste.
Some places colour-code household bins; others use communal collection points where you carry sorted waste to neighbourhood containers, with glass sometimes separated by colour. Several countries run bottle-deposit schemes where you return cans and bottles to machines at supermarkets and get money back, which is worth knowing so you stop throwing refunds away.
Common newcomer mistakes: not rinsing containers, leaving caps on when they should be separated, and putting greasy pizza boxes in paper recycling. Your city's website usually has a sorting guide, often in English or with pictures, and some have apps where you type an item and it tells you which bin. When in doubt, watch what goes into your building's bins or simply ask a neighbour; it is a surprisingly good icebreaker.