Permanent residency systems differ in detail, but almost all are built from the same handful of pathways, so it helps to know the menu before studying any one country. The classic routes: employment based, where years of continuous legal work and residence qualify you; points based selection, scoring age, education, skills, language, and experience; family sponsorship through a citizen or resident relative; investment or entrepreneur routes; and humanitarian categories.
What PR generally gives you is the right to live and work indefinitely without employer sponsorship, access to much of the social system, and the main stepping stone toward citizenship. What it usually does not give is a vote or a passport, and it can lapse through long absences.
Identify which pathway realistically fits your profile early, because the smart moves, such as choice of visa category and job, differ by route. Then verify everything on the official immigration site, since criteria change frequently and misinformation in this area is an industry of its own.